It has several special features: resting tremor, slowness in initiating movement and muscle stiffness. Parkinson's disease affects approximately 1 percent of the population over age 65 and 0.4 percent of the population over 40 years.
So far the origin of the disease is unknown, except in cases induced by trauma, drugs and drug addiction, and some inherited forms in certain family groups. There are many theories that attempt to explain the neurological impairment caused by this pathology. It is believed that some pesticides and toxins, together with genetic predisposition could be the triggers of the disease. The possibility that the source is in free radicals, molecules that trigger an oxidation process which damages tissues and neurons is also studied. Genetic is another shuffled factors to cause the condition. There are some forms of inherited Parkinson in some groups of families, so that genetic research may help to understand the development and functioning of the disease. The cause of inherited Parkinson is estimated between 10 and 15 percent of diagnoses and, in cases of early onset, reaches 50 percent, according to the Spanish Foundation for Neurological Diseases (FEEN).In Parkinson's disease degeneration it occurs in cells of the basal ganglia leading to loss or interference with the action of dopamine and fewer connections with other nerve cells and muscles. The cause of the degeneration of nerve cells and loss of dopamine usually not known. The genetic factor does not seem to play an important role, although sometimes the disease tends to affect families.
The first symptoms of Parkinson's disease are mild and are becoming increasingly noticeable over time. The typical initial picture recorded joint pains, difficulty with movement and exhaustion. Calligraphy also begins to change and becomes small and irregular. In 80 percent of patients symptoms start on one side of the body and then generalized. Also, the character varies in the early stages, so it is usual irritability or depression with no apparent cause. All these symptoms can last a long time before the classic signs that confirm the development of the disease appear.
Typical symptoms are:
Tremor: This is a rhythmic movement back and forth. It usually begins in the first hand but sometimes affect one foot or the jaw. It worsens at rest or under stressful situations and tends to disappear during sleep. It may affect only one side or one part of the body.
Rigidity is manifested as a lack of muscle strength or flexibility. Every muscle has an opposing muscle, and movement is possible because, when activated a muscle, the opposite relaxes. When this balance is broken, the muscles tighten and contract causing inflexibility and weakness.
Bradykinesia: This is the loss of spontaneous and automatic movement and involves all the actions slow. This slowness is unpredictable and the most disabling symptom because the patient can not rapidly perform routine movements that were previously almost mechanical.
Instability: Unstable position makes patients to lean forward or backward and to fall easily. Head and shoulders fall forward and gait worsens. The patient gives short, quick steps to maintain balance; or he is literally "planted" halfway, unable to move. There are a number of secondary symptoms, but do not affect all patients, cause major disruptions as the main symptoms get worse and worse physical and psychological conditions of the patient.
Depression is a problem common to all chronic diseases, and Parkinson can be detected even before they begin the main symptoms. Worse by the drugs used to combat this disease, although antidepressants get quite successfully stop both depression and emotional changes. The FEEN estimated 40 percent of Parkinson's patients have depression.
Difficulty swallowing and chewing: The malfunctioning of the muscles difficult this daily task, favoring the accumulation of saliva and food into the oral cavity. As a consequence, they are common choking and drooling. - Diction: At least 50 percent of patients have slurred speech: speak softly, hesitate before speaking, repeat words or speak too fast.
Urinary problems: deficiencies of the nervous system that regulates muscle activity cause some patients suffer incontinence or have difficulty urinating.
Constipation: The progressive slowness of bowel and abdominal muscles is the main cause of constipation, but also influence the diet and low physical activity. Usually it occurs in 50 percent of patients according to the Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN).
Sleep disorders: Drowsiness and nightmares are characteristic in this disease and are usually associated to drugs. They can produce behavioral disorders during REM sleep.
Loss of expression: the face loses expression and the so-called "fish face or mask" appears, for lack of expression of the muscles of the face. Also, they have difficulty keeping his mouth shut.
Akinesia: Consists of total immobility that appears suddenly and can last from several minutes to an hour.
Gain or loss of weight: The weight of the patient may vary, either losing it (by the disease, motor fluctuations, medications, reduced calorie, cognitive impairment, depression, hyposmia, gastrointestinal dysfunction) or increasing it in some cases (for purposes of Parkinson surgery or treatment with dopamine agonists). Weight loss can be dangerous, because it can negatively influence the disease.
Hyposmia: Consists of bad odors or distinction of reduced ability to perceive them. Hyposmia appears in hundreds of 80 Parkinson's patients according to SEN.
Bradykinesia: This is the loss of spontaneous and automatic movement and involves all the actions slow. This slowness is unpredictable and the most disabling symptom because the patient can not rapidly perform routine movements that were previously almost mechanical.
Instability: Unstable position makes patients to lean forward or backward and to fall easily. Head and shoulders fall forward and gait worsens. The patient gives short, quick steps to maintain balance; or he is literally "planted" halfway, unable to move. There are a number of secondary symptoms, but do not affect all patients, cause major disruptions as the main symptoms get worse and worse physical and psychological conditions of the patient.
Depression is a problem common to all chronic diseases, and Parkinson can be detected even before they begin the main symptoms. Worse by the drugs used to combat this disease, although antidepressants get quite successfully stop both depression and emotional changes. The FEEN estimated 40 percent of Parkinson's patients have depression.
Difficulty swallowing and chewing: The malfunctioning of the muscles difficult this daily task, favoring the accumulation of saliva and food into the oral cavity. As a consequence, they are common choking and drooling. - Diction: At least 50 percent of patients have slurred speech: speak softly, hesitate before speaking, repeat words or speak too fast.
Urinary problems: deficiencies of the nervous system that regulates muscle activity cause some patients suffer incontinence or have difficulty urinating.
Constipation: The progressive slowness of bowel and abdominal muscles is the main cause of constipation, but also influence the diet and low physical activity. Usually it occurs in 50 percent of patients according to the Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN).
Sleep disorders: Drowsiness and nightmares are characteristic in this disease and are usually associated to drugs. They can produce behavioral disorders during REM sleep.
Loss of expression: the face loses expression and the so-called "fish face or mask" appears, for lack of expression of the muscles of the face. Also, they have difficulty keeping his mouth shut.
Akinesia: Consists of total immobility that appears suddenly and can last from several minutes to an hour.
Gain or loss of weight: The weight of the patient may vary, either losing it (by the disease, motor fluctuations, medications, reduced calorie, cognitive impairment, depression, hyposmia, gastrointestinal dysfunction) or increasing it in some cases (for purposes of Parkinson surgery or treatment with dopamine agonists). Weight loss can be dangerous, because it can negatively influence the disease.
Hyposmia: Consists of bad odors or distinction of reduced ability to perceive them. Hyposmia appears in hundreds of 80 Parkinson's patients according to SEN.
In my personal opinion, parkinson's disease is very debilitating for the patient and family as these patients require close attention and daily care because the symptoms of the disease preventing them from doing many things that routinely performed is important that we as nurses toast them the security they need to feel less disabled
Recovered of http://www.dmedicina.com/enfermedades/neurologicas/parkinson.html on 10th november,2015 at 20:23 by Rebeca Laura G L 2719140
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